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Pope Saint Paul VI (3 April 1969): “Although the text of the Roman Gradual—at least that which concerns the singing—has not been changed, the Entrance antiphons and Communions antiphons have been revised for Masses without singing.”

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Views from the Choir Loft

Exploring the 5th/6th-Century Mosaics of Ravenna

Fr. David Friel · February 23, 2020

Y CURRENT research project had me studying the stunning mosaics of Ravenna over the last two weeks. These artworks were not completely unknown to me, but I had never had the occasion to explore all the secondary literature that has been devoted to these mosaics. These magnificent images, crafted mostly in the fifth and sixth centuries, are not only attractive to behold, but also deeply theological.

For those who may be unfamiliar with these works of art, a good, concise introduction to the Ravenna churches is found here.

One of the most interesting pieces is the mosaic adorning the apse of Sant’Apollinare in Classe. The presence of Moses and Elijah make clear that the mosaic depicts the scene of the Transfiguration. The figure at the center, however, is not a radiant Christ in splendor, but rather a jeweled cross set in a blue orb. An excellent analysis of the details in this mosaic is found here.

Another masterpiece among the Ravenna mosaics is the set of panels adorning the nave walls of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo. These images show a procession of saints, bearing their gifts to the altar and, ultimately, to the enthroned Christ. The Gospel side of the nave features 22 virgins (all female), while the epistle side features 26 martyrs (all male).

The most architecturally interesting church in Ravenna is undoubtedly San Vitale, consecrated in the year 547. The basilica combines Roman and Byzantine elements. The basic floorplan consists of two concentric octagons, surmounted with a dome.

The apse within San Vitale presents an extraordinary program of interconnected mosaics. The central image displays Christ in Majesty, alongside St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius. On either side of the apse, one finds mosaics of the Emperor Justinian and his Empress, Theodora. In order to understand how all the mosaics in the apse of San Vitale relate to one another, I highly recommend watching this video:

The cluster of Ravenna churches housing these mosaics stand as testimony to the beauty of ancient Christian faith. They also remind us not to fall into the all-too-easy trap of thinking that people living in ancient times were somehow primitive, unrefined, or unintelligent (a position encountered surprisingly often both in popular imagination and in historical studies).

The artist-theologians who crafted the mosaics of Ravenna still have much to teach.

Opinions by blog authors do not necessarily represent the views of Corpus Christi Watershed.

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Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: Sacred Architecture, Traditional Catholic Artwork Last Updated: February 26, 2020

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About Fr. David Friel

Ordained in 2011, Father Friel is a priest of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia and serves as Director of Liturgy at Saint Charles Borromeo Seminary. —(Read full biography).

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Corpus Christi Watershed

President’s Corner

    “Pope Leo XIV Has Announced…”
    My pastor asked me to write brief articles each week for our parish bulletin. Those responsible for preparing similar write-ups may find a bit of inspiration in these brief columns. The most recent article speaks about the recent announcement by Pope Leo XIV, which does have an impact on church musicians. Scheduled for publication on 2025 08 10th, it’s called: “Pope Leo XIV Has Announced…”
    —Jeff Ostrowski
    “Chants” • 18th Sunday in Ordinary Time
    All the chants for 3 August 2025—which is the 18th Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year C)—have been added to the feasts website, as usual under a convenient “drop down” menu. The COMMUNION ANTIPHON (from the book of Wisdom) is stunning. That feast website has been called “the best kept secret of Church music.”
    —Jeff Ostrowski
    “Corn” From Heaven?
    The Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures was produced by Roman Catholics in England and bears a 15 March 1958 IMPRIMATUR from the Archbishop of Westminster. Its IMPRIMI POTEST was given by the director of the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. Sometimes words chosen by translators sound funny to American ears. For instance, one of our Responsorial Psalms has as its refrain: “The Lord gave them bread from heaven.” But the British version has “The Lord gave them corn from heaven.” Feel free to examine this with your own eyes. (It comes from Psalm 77.)
    —Jeff Ostrowski

Quick Thoughts

    Pope Pius XII Hymnal?
    Have you ever heard of the Pope Pius XII Hymnal? It’s a real book, published in the United States in 1959. Here’s a sample page so you can verify with your own eyes it existed.
    —Corpus Christi Watershed
    “Hybrid” Chant Notation?
    Over the years, many have tried to ‘simplify’ plainsong notation. The O’Fallon Propers attempted to simplify the notation—but ended up making matters worse. Dr. Karl Weinmann tried to do the same in the time of Pope Saint Pius X by replacing each porrectus. You can examine a specimen from his edition and see whether you agree he complicated matters. In particular, look at what he did with éxsules fílii Hévae.
    —Corpus Christi Watershed
    Antiphons Don’t Match?
    A reader wants to know why the Entrance and Communion antiphons in certain publications deviate from what’s prescribed by the GRADUALE ROMANUM published after Vatican II. Click here to read our answer. The short answer is: the Adalbert Propers were never intended to be sung. They were intended for private Masses only (or Masses without music). The “Graduale Parvum,” published by the John Henry Newman Institute of Liturgical Music in 2023, mostly uses the Adalbert Propers—but sometimes uses the GRADUALE text: e.g. Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June).
    —Corpus Christi Watershed

Random Quote

“The argument moves from the existence of the thing to the correctness of the thing: what is, ought to be. Or, a popular variant: if a thing is, it doesn’t make any difference whether it ought to be—the correct response is to adjust, to learn to live with the thing.”

— ‘L. Brent Bozell, Jr.’

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