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Pope Saint Paul VI (3 April 1969): “Although the text of the Roman Gradual—at least that which concerns the singing—has not been changed, the Entrance antiphons and Communions antiphons have been revised for Masses without singing.”

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Views from the Choir Loft

Palestrina and the Perfecting of the Medieval Ideal of Music as Rational • (Part 3 of 3)

Guest Author · July 19, 2017

BELOW IS THE FINAL PART of a guest series by Joseph J. Mullen, founder and director of The Palestrina Choir School, dedicated to the training of choristers to sing for the Traditional Roman Liturgy. Beautifully sung tone and musical literacy are its foundational principles. These principles are actualized by a synthesis of ancient and modern pedagogic approaches in light of the Liberal Arts and Thomistic Meta-physics.

Part One can be read here. Part Two can be read here. Part Three considers the perfect example of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a ‘self reflecting’ soul and a summary conclusion of how the ‘Medieval Ideal of Music as Rational’ was perfected in the Works of Palestrina.


Perfect Example of the Blessed Virgin Mary


110 Mary HAT CREATURE better exemplifies this inner dialogue of the soul than the Blessed Virgin Mary?

We know from scripture that she:

“kept all these words in her heart”
(Luke 2:51)

“kept all these words, pondering them in her heart.”
(Luke 2:19)

What is the nature of this inner pondering? In Sacred Scripture, the book of Wisdom gives us some insight on these “words” and her “pondering them in her heart”:

“When I go into my house, I shall repose myself with her: for her conversation hath no bitterness, nor her company any tediousness, but joy and gladness. Thinking these things with myself, and pondering them in my heart, that to be allied to wisdom is immortality, and that there is great delight in her friendship, and inexhaustible riches in the works of her hands, and in the exercise of conference with her, wisdom, and glory in the communication of her words: I went about seeking, that I might take her to myself.”
(Wisdom 16:18)

This passage can plainly be understood as inner dialectic and self reflection:

“conversation” … “with myself” …

“pondering them in my heart”
(direct reference to the BVM in Luke chapter 2 verses 19 and 51)

“conference”

“communication”

“seeking”
(inquiry, questioning which implies someone being asked, which implies dialogue)

By this inner self reflecting dialectic the knowledge of the things we ponder is perfected. By inquiry upon inquiry we magnify what is known in order to see it in a more detailed analysis or different perspective. This greater magnification will aid the intellect to specify particulars and resolve conflicts. The Blessed Virgin Mary proclaims the fruits of her inner pondering and reflection:

“And Mary said: My soul doth magnify the Lord.
And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Savior.”
(Luke 1:46-47)

If Mary’s Magnificat can be understood as an inner dialogue of self reflection toward perfection—the fruits of which are to “rejoice in God” her Savior—then it must follow that we find in her the greatest most edifying example of a Christian soul to be imitated.


Conclusion


N the 1903 Motu Proprio: “Tra le Pius X, Tra le sollecitudini” Pope St. Pius X wrote that the polyphonic choral style “reached its greatest perfection in the fifteenth century, owing to the works of Pierluigi da Palestrina.” This perfection was contingent upon the understanding of the rationality of music and the musical scale. This understanding grew out of the ideals that flourished throughout Medieval Christendom.

The Roman polyphonic style, as perfected in the imitative works of Palestrina, is an aurally perceived type of the immaterial power of the human soul to “self reflect.” This ability to “self reflect” is a participation in the Divine nature. Because this music is structured upon musical dialectics that reflect the divine nature, it appeals to the highest attributes of the human rational mind and soul. It magnifies and elucidates the sacred texts of the Catholic Liturgy that tend toward the contemplation of the good, true and beautiful. The musical phrases as stated in one voice, then restated in another differing in melodic and rhythmic expression, are one in harmonic union. This union augments, intensifies and magnifies texts of the liturgy. In this dialogue one can hear the echo of heaven. Not a dialogue of argument or polemics but an ever elucidating and unfolding of perfection.

For references and footnotes, please visit: Palestrina Choir School


We hope you enjoyed this guest article by Joseph J. Mullen.

Opinions by blog authors do not necessarily represent the views of Corpus Christi Watershed.

Filed Under: Articles Tagged With: Palestrina School Singing Last Updated: January 1, 2020

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President’s Corner

    Music List • (Easter Sunday, 2026)
    Readers have expressed interest in seeing the ORDER OF MUSIC I created for Easter Sunday—a.k.a. “Ad Missam in die Paschae”—which is 5 April 2026. Please feel free to download it as a PDF file if such a thing interests you. The Fauxbourdon for Communion is particularly moving.
    —Jeff Ostrowski
    PDF Download • “Sprinkling Rite”
    Liturgical reformers who gained power after Vatican II frequently caused great suffering to musicians. With the stroke of a pen, they sometimes make changes that would require thousands—or even millions—of man hours (work undertaken by composers and editors). The Sprinkling Rite during Eastertide is but one tiny example. The version given in that PDF document was the original melody for Roman Missal, Third Edition. Some still prefer that version. However, at the last moment, an “unknown hand” tinkered with a few notes in the antiphon. Those who examine the current edition can verify this with their own eyes.
    —Jeff Ostrowski
    ‘Sarum’ Good Friday?
    Plainsong of the Roman Rite has many variants—i.e. slight ‘variations’ or ‘alterations’ made to the ancient melodies. Variants often thrive in particular religious orders. Likewise, before Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church, Gregorian Chant variants were frequently associated with individual cathedrals in England: Hereford, Lincoln, Salisbury, and so forth. In the early 20th century, the (Anglican) organist at Westminster Abbey married “Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence” to this beautiful variant melody from England. Those who sing Gregorian Chant on Good Friday will recognize the melody. What do you think of this pairing?
    —Jeff Ostrowski

Quick Thoughts

    “Gregorian Chant Quiz” • 24 March 2026
    How well do you know your Gregorian hymns? Do you recognize the tune inserted into the bass line on this score? For many years, we sang the entire Mass in Gregorian chant—and I mean everything. As a result, it would be difficult to find a Gregorian hymn I don’t recognize instantly. Only decades later did I realize (with sadness) that this skill cannot be ‘monetized’… This particular melody is used for a very famous Gregorian hymn, printed in the LIBER USUALIS. Do you recognize it? Send me an email with the correct words, and I promise to tell everybody I meet about your prowess!
    —Jeff Ostrowski
    PDF Download • “Ubi Caritas” (SATB)
    I remember singing “Ubi Cáritas” by Maurice Duruflé at the conservatory. I was deeply moved by it. However, some feel Duruflé’s version isn’t suitable for small choirs since it’s written for 6 voices and the bass tessitura is quite low. That’s why I was absolutely thrilled to discover this “Ubi cáritas” (SATB) for smaller choirs by Énemond Moreau, who studied with OSCAR DEPUYDT (d. 1925), an orphan who became a towering figure of Catholic music. Depuydt’s students include: Flor Peeters (d. 1986); Monsignor Jules Van Nuffel (d. 1953); Arthur Meulemans (d. 1966); Monsignor Jules Vyverman (d. 1989); and Gustaaf Nees (d. 1965). Rehearsal videos for each individual voice await you at #19705. When I came across the astonishing English translation for “Ubi Cáritas” by Monsignor Ronald Knox—matching the Latin’s meter—I decided to add those lyrics as an option (for churches which have banned Latin). My wife and I made this recording to give you some idea how it sounds.
    —Jeff Ostrowski
    PDF Download • “Holy, Holy, Holy”
    For vigil Masses on Saturday (a.k.a. “anticipated” Masses) we use this simpler setting of the “Holy, Holy, Holy” by Monsignor Jules Vyverman (d. 1989), a Belgian priest, organist, composer, and music educator who ultimately succeeded another ‘Jules’ (CANON JULES VAN NUFFEL) as director of the Lemmensinstituut in Belgium. Although I could be wrong, my understanding is that the LEMMENSINSTITUUT eventually merged with “Catholic University of Leuven” (originally founded in 1425). That’s the university Fulton J. Sheen attended.
    —Jeff Ostrowski

Random Quote

“The plea that the laity as a body do not want liturgical change, whether in rite or in language, is, I submit, quite beside the point. … (it is) not a question of what people want; it is a question of what is good for them.”

— Dom Gregory A. Murray (14 March 1964)

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